None of these exactly. Most researchers think it forms from plant matter broken down by microbes over centuries, then mixed with minerals from the surrounding rock. Its exact origin is still debated.
From What is shilajit
One randomised, placebo-controlled trial found that 250 mg of purified shilajit twice a day for 90 days raised total and free testosterone in men aged 45 to 55 (Pandit et al., 2016). It has not been independently repeated, so we grade the evidence as moderate.
From Benefits
The human trials of purified shilajit reported no serious side effects, and blood tests of liver and kidney function stayed normal. Because the trials were small, uncommon side effects may not have been picked up.
From Safety
Most trials used 250 to 500 mg a day of purified shilajit. Start at the lower end. There is no evidence that taking more than 1,000 mg a day adds any benefit.
From How to take it
You can't reliably tell at home. The only meaningful check is a lab report for your batch showing its composition and heavy metal content. Ask the seller for it before you buy.
From Buying guide
We count 10 published human studies of shilajit on its own, 7 of them with a placebo group. Most of the 160 or so papers on shilajit in PubMed are animal, lab or chemistry studies, or reviews.
From Research